Toba Tek Singh free essay sample

Tek Singh is a satire on partition and its repercussions. The narration is reliable but not omniscient as the narrator is unaware of the motives and unspoken thoughts of various characters in the story. The story is set up in a time frame of two or three years after partition. The language is simple and deliberately repetitive. Toba Tek Singh is one of the most famous stories by Manto on partition and is among his last ones. It was published in Maktab-e-Jadid in Lahore in 1955. Toba Tek Singh is a district in Punjab Province of Pakistan. The town and district is named after a Sikh religious figure Tek Singh. Legend has it that Mr. Singh, a kind hearted man served water and provided shelter to the worn out and thirsty travellers passing by a small pond (TOBA in Punjabi) which eventually was called Toba Tek Singh, and the surrounding settlement acquired the same name. We will write a custom essay sample on Toba Tek Singh or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There is also a park here named after the Sardar Tek Singh. Every reader at once realizes that it is a powerful satire, and also a bitter indictment of the political process and behavior patterns that brought up the Partition. But Manto`s magic lies in the fact that there is not a single word in the story that tells us so directly. Manto just ushers his readers onto the road and leaves the rest to their vivid imagination. The first sentence of the story tells us that it takes place two or three years after the partition, dropping us abruptly to a very long flashback. The Narrator at the end locates Bishan Singh (Toba Tek Singh) in a No-Man’s-Land between the barbed boundaries of the two nations. As the story takes place after two three years of Partition, it seems highly unbelievable that not only the lunatics, but the people around as well can’t figure out where the place is now. That’s the irony of the partition, where things got so mixed up was that no one in fact knew well where India ends and where Pakistan begins. The point to be taken into account is that â€Å"partition† came up with â€Å"independence†. But arguably if there was any â€Å"independence† it was on a political front, but was â€Å"Man† ever independent? Was he given a choice? Was his voice heard? I am reminded of a couplet from Meer. He says Na Haq Hum Majburoon Pe Tohmat Hai Mukhtari Ki. Chahtay Hain So Aap Karay Hain, Hum Ko Ibbas Badnaam Kiya The story draws a distinction between the two extremes. Either here or there. No in-between exists. Logically speaking, one can’t be in two states at once, just as, in other modes of social distinction, one can’t have two religions or two color skins. Bishan achieves ultimate marginality by dying on the border between two states, thus opting for neither. Set in a madhouse it uses madness as a metaphor for sanity. That if you were sane enough you would have not gone ahead for such division that has lasting effects. The helpless lunatics in the madhouse are unable to perceive the reconstruction happening on the geo-political scene of â€Å"India†. They seem to be speaking in a Ghalibian voice. Bazeecha-e-Atfaal Hai Duniya Mere Aagay. Hota Hai Shab-o-Roz Tamasha Mere Aagay. The World is but a game that children play before my eyes. The Spectacle that passes night and day before my eyes With a touch of sardonic humour the author portrays the confusion when this news reaches the madhouse in Lahore . Therefore the comments and reactions of the various madmen present there must not be dismissed as ludicrous. The metaphor of madness works at different levels. At the most basic level, the madness of the asylum is a metonym for the madness that wreaks havoc in the nation at large. In an ironic manner, the mad are seen as saner than the sane whose ‘reason’ led them to divide a nation into two. Also, the perspective of the mad, those who are at the margins of the society, occupies centrestage and in an inverted manner challenges the rationale of the dominant politics of those at the centre of power. Further ,when the action is set against bizarre scenes of pillage and plunder one becomes aware of the underlying irony in the peace and harmony of the madhouse and the sanity of the madmen pointing to insanity of the so-called â€Å"sane† politicians. The ambiguity of the nationhood is expressed when we are told that one madman got caught up in this whole confusion of Pakistan and Hindustan and Hindustan and Pakistan that he ended up considerably madder than before. The madmen in the Lahore asylum are a microcosm of the society. Through them all sections of the society and targeted and satirized and amidst them is Bihsan Singh who successfully resists all such identities thrust upon them by choosing something that belongs to no one. Manto therefore is not just questioning the two-nation theory but also the ery idea of nationhood as the basis of one’s identity which later creates an ironic personal identity crisis and shatters the sense of belonging. It is worth noticing that Manto has personified a place as a character who happens to be the main protagonist of the story- Toba Tek Singh convincingly signifying the degree of attachment and love he possesses and despite of being far away, Alas! Bishan Singh is indistinguishabl e from Toba Tek Singh as if they account for the same. He seems to be saying. Mat Pooch K Kya Haal Hai Mera Tera Peechay. Tu Dekh K Kya Rang Hai Tera Mere Aagay. You need not to ask how I feel when I am away from you. See for yourself how you feel when you are before my eyes. Toba Tek Singh is given a very absurd choice. To choose between two beloveds that he loves equally. Caught in the act, Bishan Singh does not know what to do and his mind experiences the exertion of forces from opposite ends. Torn by this nonsensical but incumbent choice he has to make, he seems to be murmuring the following line of Ghalib. Eeman Mujhe Rokay hai To Kheenchay Hai Mujhe Kufrr. Ka’aba Meray Peechay Hai Kaleesa Mere Aagay. My Faith Restrains me, while the lure of unbelief attracts me. That way the Ka’aba and this way the Church, Before my eyes. Bishan achieves ultimate marginality by dying on the border between two states, thus opting for neither of the two and therefore not compromising on the unclear existence of Toba Tek Singh. Jaan Tum Par Nisaar Karta Hoon. Mein Nahin Jaanta Dua Kya Hai. I would lay down my life for you. For I do not know what praying for you means. When fiction writes history, literature becomes a unique source of historical data. Fiction records violence; but it also hints at the unnamed and often unnameable guilt and shame of it all. It does more. In its human embodiments of history, it considers the possibility – and the impossibility – of coming to terms with partition, borders, lines, parameters, maps, insiders, outsiders, us and them. If Saadat Hasan Manto could return to Wagah today, he would find that his dream of a subcontinent where people live as people, not members of a religion or caste, remains a dream still. He may recall Faiz’s words: This mottled dawn This night-bitten morning No, this is not the morning We had set out in search of. Or he may wake up Toba Tek Singh, help him stand on no man’s land again.

Philip Caputo, A Rumor of War

Philip Caputo, A Rumor of War Free Online Research Papers Philip Caputo was raised in Westchester, Illinois. He spent his fishing, hunting, and dreaming of â€Å"danger, challengers, and violence† (Caputo 5) in the Cook and DuPage County forest preserves. Tired of his dull life, Philip wanted excitement and a â€Å"chance to live heroically† (5). While attending Loyola University, Caputo rummaged through the Marine Corps recruiting material. Subsequently, he joined the Marine Corps Platoon leaders Class, attended Officer Candidate School, received his B.A. in English, and was commissioned a Second Lieutenant on February 2, 1964. Lieutenant Caputo was with the first ground combat unit to land in Vietnam in March of 1965 ( ). He went from a â€Å"boot brown-bar† (Caputo 33) to a seasoned infantry officer during his sixteen month tour of duty. Caputo started writing A Rumor of War in 1967 while living at the Bachelor’s Officer Quarters at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. He did not finish the book until September of 1976 in Pine Creek, Montana. After leaving the Marine Corps, he worked for the Chicago Tribune as a Foreign Correspondent. He was extremely busy reporting in areas such as Saigon and Lebanon that he did not have time to work on his first book; â€Å"the manuscript often lay in a drawer for months. There was a period, in the early 70’s, when I didn’t look at it for more than a week or two a year† (Caputo 347). A Rumor of War tells the story of the Vietnam War from the soldier’s perspective. Caputo puts everything into perspective by describing every detail of war through his personal experience. This account allows readers to have a better understanding of the reality of war and what these young men endured. Caputo has since written several novels including Horn of Africa, Del Corso’s Gallery, and Means of Escape. He currently lives in Connecticut and works as a Contributing Editor for Esquire Magazine. In the past Philip has written for The New York Times, Washington Post, Boston Globe, and The Los Angeles Times. He was also a member of the Pulitzer Prize winning team covering election fraud during his time at the Chicago Tribune. The overall critical reviews of Philip Caputo’s A Rumor of War are outstanding. Christopher Lehmann-Haupt of The New York Times hailed the book as â€Å"singular and marvelous, one that, tells us, as no other book that I can think of has done, what it was actually like to be fighting in that hellish jungle† (Contemporary Authors Online). The heartfelt and brutal honesty in Caputo’s writing had William Broyles of Texas Monthly declare â€Å"Not since Siegfried Sassoon’s Classic of World War I, Memoirs of an Infantry Officer, has there been a war memoir so obviously true, and so disturbingly honest† (Amazon). The magnitude of this story had John Gregory Dunne write â€Å"To call it the best book about Vietnam is to trivialize it†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Amazon). Brian King of Clio’s Eye stated A Rumor of War â€Å"reflects much of the pain and ambivalence the nation came to know to well† (1). The general consensus regarding Philip Caputo’s works following A Rumor of War is excellent as well. The praise for Indian Country Caputo’s most recent novel is overwhelmingly positive. The New York Times Book Review states â€Å"Caputo is a fine action writer, controlling the sweep of the narrative with musical skill† (Vintage). The acclaim for Horn of Africa states â€Å"Philip Caputo, from Vietnam onwards, has understood the hardest truths of the modern world better than almost anybody† (Vintage). John Gregory Dunne claims that Caputo’s first collection of short fiction Exiles â€Å"will make the strongest among us weep† (Vintage). The book takes place in Japan and Vietnam. Okinawa, Japan is Caputo’s first duty station after graduation from Basic School. He was assigned to 2nd platoon, C Company, 1st Battalion, 3rd Marines where he served as Platoon Commander for a rifle platoon. There was nothing exciting about Camp Schwab; a camp that consisted of â€Å"ranks of concrete barracks and chain linked fences which looked more like a minimum security prison than a home† (Caputo 30). A short Taxi ride into town was the closest thing to civilization (Caputo 30). The streets of Heneko were lined with bars which had ridiculous names such as Bar New York, Club California, and the Blue Hawaii Lounge. Heneko was a place the Marines could rid themselves of the boredom of the isolated base. When the Marines were not unwinding, they were dreaming of action. In the weeks to follow, the Marines of One-Three would gear up and gear down in anticipation of going into Vietnam. Apparently the North Vietnamese had crossed into South Vietnam with the intent of overrunning the country. Excitement and confusion followed. The news of going in to Vietnam changed daily, along with â€Å"weeks of alarms and counter-alarms, stand-tos and stand-downs† (Caputo 37). In March they would finally land in Danang and set up a defensive posture in conjunction with the ARVN. The Marines would quickly learn that Vietnam was totally different than the place they were used to. The toughest battle they faced in the first month in the theater was not with the Viet Cong, but with Vietnam’s climate and wildlife. The mosquito netting and the insect repellant they brought with them â€Å"proved ineffective against the horde of flying, creeping, crawling, buzzing, biting things,† (Caputo 57) that they encountered. The heat and humidity were just as bad â€Å"the terrain and the climate and the attendant diseases were more of an adversary than the Viet Cong† (CNN). From noon until dusk the sun was relentless. Accompanied by a hot wind, it baked everything in sight including the Marines. The dense jungle canopy that they traversed through was also a major obstacle, which at times was so dense that it was impenetrable. The little bit of light that filtered through the foliage managed to â€Å"bathe everything below in a greenish twilight† (Caputo 83). Things could be hear moving around the under brush, but not seen. The monsoon season seemed endless and diseases such as malaria and dysentery were commonplace. The jungle of Vietnam was in itself a battle that was being lost. William â€Å"Wild Bill† Campbell was the platoon sergeant for 2nd platoon. A picture perfect Marine who was a veteran of the Korean War. He stood 6’3’’ and weighed 220 pounds. Campbell ate, slept, and breathed Marine Corps. Being a Veteran of the â€Å"frosin chosin† he was respected by his peers and subordinates alike. He was not a man of paperwork and sometimes he did not follow the Uniformed Code of Military Justice. Campbell would rather punish his men in different ways, which kept their records clean and kept them eligible for promotion. One of Campbell’s biggest passions was close-order drill. He had been previously assigned to Parris Island, South Carolina as a Drill Inspector. It was a skill that he had perfected. Given the opportunity, Campbell would march his platoon around the parade deck for hours. Sergeant Campbell didn’t like officers. He ran his platoon as he saw fit. In his eyes, he was the platoon commander and Caputo was just an â€Å"unavoidable nuisance† (Caputo 30). Campbell was considered a lifer, someone who was more motivated than the average Marine and in it for the long haul. Murph McCloy was also a Lieutenant with One-Three. He was a modest man from Kentucky. McCloy had already been with the unit before Lieutenant Caputo had arrived. Murph and Caputo became friends almost immediately. They hung out together on liberty and talked about anything to keep their minds off of the Vietnam War. They were together drinking beer in Okinawa when the call came in to head out for Vietnam. McCloy had done a pervious tour in Vietnam as an observer with the ARVN. Familiar with Danang he was eager to show Philip around the foreign town. They sat down to have dinner with the Commanding Officer of the ARVN battalion McCloy had served with the first night they had liberty. They found their way down to a brothel that McCloy used to frequent. Upon arrival they ran into three Marines from Charley Company who were just coming out. Murph, who was stunned, covered for both of them by saying â€Å"Lieutenant Caputo and I are checking to make sure you men are taking care of yourselves. We hope you’re taking precautions† (Caputo 143). A major theme in A Rumor of War is the men who fight in the war and the moral extremes that they confront along the way. War is a time that changes men. Things which are not accepted as normal behavior during peace time can be found here and are often considered ordinary or usual. As the book unfolds, Caputo observes acts of violence that do not seem right. One time, early in the conflict, he catches a young Marine trying to cut off the ears of a dead Viet Cong as a trophy. He stops the act immediately, but as he thinks about the act he understands why the young Marine was doing this. Another incident that happens is with the South Vietnamese. It was difficult to trust them because of the intelligence which stated how the Viet Cong were embedded in the South. When military operations went wrong the South Vietnamese people were blamed for aiding the Viet Cong, and the consequences for such Snafu’s included killing innocent people â€Å"Well, if it’s dead and Vietnamese, it’s VC† (CNN) or burning entire villages to the ground. These acts were not right. However, when a Marine was killed, it was not uncommon for anger to take over in committing extreme acts of violence. At the beginning of the Vietnam War, 2nd Lieutenant Philip Caputo was a man who believed in the ideals of heroism, serving his country, and being a part of something meaningful. He believed that the Marine Corps stood for all the right things: Honor, Courage, Commitment! Michael Steele states in regards to Caputo’s heroism â€Å"he bought the bullshit about heroism, the patriotic war. So, he goes and joins the Marines, and he records this embittering process† (Steele 6). Caputo maintained this point of view only for a short time. As his company goes to war and his men start dying, he realizes it was not all it was cracked up to be. As his men begin to doubt the fact that they will win this war, so does Lieutenant Caputo, being an officer he tries to maintain his military bearing, but in the end he tells a Marine â€Å"I’m not supposed to say this to you, but I don’t either† (CNN)! The imagery of military weapons and foreign lands are intense. Caputo does not fail in describing every detail of weapons firing and munitions exploding. During one firefight â€Å"three Marines managed to sound like a small army, with Crowe’s shotgun roaring loudly. Then came the flat dull blasts of 40mm as Allen laid down a barrage with his grenade launcher† (Caputo 265). After another fire fight, Caputo’s platoon was getting shelled â€Å"a sound as of lightening striking a tree, a splitting sound. The earth shuddered† (Caputo 270). Caputo also managed to capture Vietnam as if you were standing right next to him. Visions of everlasting green jungle canopies and a variety of blood sucking insects accompany you down his vivid trek through the jungle. Caputo describes the vegetation on a mission: the Cordiller spread out before us, and it was the most forbidding thing I had ever seen. An unbroken mass of green stretched westward, one ridgeline and mountain range after another, some more than a mile high and covered with forests that looked solid enough to walk on. It had no end. It just went on to the horizon. I could see neither villages, nor fields, roads, or anything but endless rain forests the color of old moss. The mosquitoes were terrible. They were so bad that the Marines would stay up instead of sleeping to try and take their mind off of the little bloodsuckers. In the jungle however, there were bigger animals to be afraid of. The â€Å"humid wilderness where the Bengal tiger stalked and the Cobra coiled beneath its rock† (Caputo 82) was just as dangerous without the Viet Cong present. As a member of the Marine Corps I can relate to some of the experiences Caputo illustrates in his novel. The training he went through prior to Vietnam carries on today. I spent a year overseas and understand the difficulties of being an American in a strange land. This novel â€Å"was first published in 1977 and has remained in print ever since† (Neiburg 4). A Rumor of War â€Å"remains a standard text on the Vietnam War† (Key West 1) and Caputo is â€Å"an important and perceptive commentator on what can happen when human beings struggle† (Key West 1) . William Spanos of Boundary 2 indicates the importance of Caputo’s message in his article â€Å"9/11 and the forgetting of the Vietnam War†. Spanos writes: it is imperative that intellectuals who oppose the United States’ representation and conduct of the ‘war against terrorism’ retrieve the forgotten memory of the Vietnam War as Caputo’s deeply backgrounded, representative text articulates it†¦it is not simply its spetcral witness to the terror of America’s exceptionalist ‘search and destroy’ mentality that, despite the sustained attempt to obliterate it from history, continues to haunt the present American government†¦(Spanos 63)Spanos continues to argue that the American action taken in Vietnam will persist in today’s war on terror â€Å"the United States will no doubt succeed in its military mission to defeat the Taliban and to re-create an Afghanistan nation-state in its own image as it did- several times- in Vietnam in the early years of the war† (Spanos 63). â€Å"Caputo, Philip,† 17th Annual Key West Literary Seminar. 12 Apr. 2005 â€Å"Caputo, Philip,† Amazon. 18 Mar. 2005 â€Å"Caputo, Philip,† Contemporary Authors Online. 2005. Thomason Gale. 12 Apr. 2005 â€Å"Caputo, Philip,† Vintage. 18 Mar. 2005 â€Å"CNN Cold War –Interviews: Lt. Philip Caputo,† CNN Interactive. 18 Mar. 2005 King, Brian. â€Å"Rumor of War: Reality of Combat.† 12 Apr. 2005 Neiberg, Michael S., et. al. â€Å"A Rumor of War A Conversation with Philip Caputo at 58.† Commentary Magazine Summer 2000:64. 18 Mar. 2005 Spanos, William V. â€Å"A Rumor of War: 9/11 and the Forgetting of the Vietnam War.† Boundary 2 2003: 29-66. Duke University Press. 12 Apr. 2005 Steele, Michael. Interview with Mike Steele. 18 Mar. 2005 â€Å"Writers Try to Make Sense of the Vietnam-Book Boom,† The New York Times 4 Aug. 1987: C17. 12 Apr. 2005 Research Papers on Philip Caputo, "A Rumor of War"Book Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionTrailblazing by Eric AndersonUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresMind TravelHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Essay19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite Religion

Public Officials And Morals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Public Officials And Morals - Essay Example Negative talks on differences between people such as on ethnicity, race, gender, and age should be avoided at all costs. This is so because people emulate and take to heart the words of these officials and may even act upon them hence fueling hatred amongst people. An example of this is in the African countries that experience civil wars which are fueled and sometimes caused by their elected public officials. Their hatred talks on other tribes and ethnic groups have been seen to lead to fights amongst the citizens as was the case in the Rwandan genocide. Their behavior when in that elected public post should also be one without blemishes even though they are human and are bound to mistakes. They should try to avoid situations that will not stand well with the public that elected them making them regret their decision, showing bad decision-making ability and embarrassing their family and friends. The most common of these situations to avoid is engaging in extramarital affairs while st ill in office. This is morally wrong as it downplays the value of family, the virtue of faithfulness as well as setting a bad example to the young generation by showing that immorality is not a bad thing. An example of this is in the Clinton Lewinsky sex scandal where Bill Clinton who held the highest public office in the United States where the public had elected him to be showed lack of moral exemplary behavior and judgment by engaging in sexual relations with a white house intern while he had a wife.

Market imperfections and failures Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Market imperfections and failures - Assignment Example Imperfect competition in the market generates asymmetric information and dampens the level of welfare in the society. Discriminations made by the monopolists in the market not only hamper the social utility, but also engages in misallocation of resources. Efficient allocation of productive resources helps to the economy to reach a Pareto optimal stage. However, in the real world, corruption and strategic business initiatives of certain firms in the industry have reduced the level of competition in the economies of most of the nations (BIS, 2013). Public authorities of the countries are now taking active initiatives to augment the level of market competition in the economies (CIA, 2013). The Competition Law or Policy adopted by a country helps to promote the level of market competition by imposing special rules and regulations on the anti-competitive practices conducted by the contemporary corporate firms. This paper would focus on the Competition Policy of U.K and would show how the objectives of the policies are related to the microeconomic theories of market. The learnt from this paper would help to analyze the negative impacts on an economy due to the lack of proper market competition (Hubbard, 2008). ... to protect the interests of the consumers in the country (Mankiw and Mark, 2006). The two main factors that were checked by this law were: Abuse of Market Power Collusive Behaviour The first competitive policy instruments in U.K were introduced about fifty years ago. The Department of Trade and Industry, The Director General of Fair Trade and the Competition Commission of the country had introduced their first competitive policy instruments (Woodford, 2001). Over time, subject to the external changes in the market, the terms and conditions of the policy have largely changed in U.K. Finally, in 1988, the Competition Act was again modified and adopted as the approach of ‘prohibition’ to prevent dominance in the marketplaces of U.K (Manne, 2012). Objectives The primary objectives of the Competition Policy in U.K were: 1. The Policy was the basis for the concepts of the Fair Trade Act 1973. Thus, one of its objectives was to serve the interests of the public (Assael, 2005). 2. The Policy aimed at providing guidance and constraints to the discretionary power of the ‘decision makers’ in the market. 3. It aimed to promote and maintain the market competition. 4. To assure that consumers received quality products at a good price. 5. To augment innovation and productive efficiency in the market. 6. Assure balanced distribution of employment and industry in U.K. 7. To enhance the competitive powers of the domestic companies of U.K. in order to easily compete with the foreign companies (OECD, 2002). Objectives Relating to Microeconomic Theories This context of the paper would highlight that the goals or the objects of the Competition Policy introduced by U.K. are based on the theories of microeconomics, which

Write a brief communication describing the link and career skills info Essay

Write a brief communication describing the link and career skills info you learn from it - Essay Example By demonstrating his points via illustrations which exhibit comparative analysis between textual presentation and graphics, Parkinson engages the reader to differentiate the consequence of viewing from the outcome of reading in terms of immediate reaction formed. Learning how visuals work based on Parkinson’s research, I suppose that one career skill a professional worker can obtain from it is the potential to improve technical presentations where images may be organized for ease of understanding and amusement. This enables the presenting individual to express ideas more effectively and gain the opportunity to close deals with certain leads. With less talk and an adequate quantity of colorful yet coherent graphs and figures, prospects become further interested in conferences due to better comprehension of the matters being discussed. Thus, since nonverbal communication occurs particularly appealing and comprehensive, the skilled worker can take advantage of enhancing his performance without much use of language. Instead, one can make the most of demonstrative tools as perceived through personality, attitude, creative ability, or any character trait that appears immediately noticeable to others in the

Integrated Marketing Communications in Rural Markets in India

Integrated Marketing Communications in Rural Markets in India With around 6, 38, 667 villages, India boasts of the highest number of villages in the world, hugely populated by 720 million people (72% of India lives in villages). It is a market which cant be ignored by the marketers. Customers in villages have their own sets of aspirations and are willing to pay for the right services. Companies understand that that the rules of game are different when it comes to rural markets, especially in a diverse one like India. The rural environment is different from the urban and therefore communication to potential customers in a proper and effective manner is a major challenge for corporate marketers. An urban communications approach might not hold well in these rural markets and thus there is a need to have a different Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) approach for the rural markets in India. This Research Paper tries to explore and find out how Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) can be used in the rural markets in India and a strategic framework has been proposed for the same. Keywords: Rural Markets, Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC). Introduction The global economic meltdown has taken its toll on the manufacturing and service sector of the economy, which, in turn, has slowed down the urban market. The companies cutting across sectors have discovered the importance of rural markets. With urban India in the grip of a slowdown, the rural market is helping industries like automobiles, cement, consumer electronics, textiles, telecommunications and FMCGs grow. While urban organised retail is in pain, its rural counterpart is thriving. All of a sudden, the consumer in the laid back Indian village is being spoilt for choice. The rural incomes are progressing, thanks to the Government initiatives like National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS) launched in 2006 which promised employment of at least 100 days to every member of a poor rural household. This served three purposes: It built rural infrastructure Plugged pilferage of funds Boosted the disposable incomes of rural families The scheme was rolled out to all the 596 districts of the country. All told, Rs 66,800 crores has been earmarked for the programme. Another boost for liquidity among farmers came with the farm loan waiver of Rs 65,318 crores carried out by the Government last year. The bottom-line is clear. Customers in villages have their own set of aspirations and are willing to pay for the right services. Companies are understanding that to play the game in rural markets is to understand and innovate products exclusively for the rural consumers and after tasting success can also be replicated in the urban markets. For example, Tata Sky launched DTH (Direct to Home) primarily for the urban markets. However, in the rural entry, the package has been at Rs 99 per month which was a mini-thali of sorts with a bit of everything. The promotional campaigns included taking Aamir Khan as the brand ambassador who could easily appeal across the rural-urban divide and they also do a lot of promotions and demonstrations so as to motivate the local distributors who highlight the benefits of the service. Tata Sky has launched the Rs 99 pack in the urban markets as well. Advertising goes hand in hand with economic growth. With economic liberalization and increasing rural prosperity, marketers are keen to inform villagers about the benefits of buying and consuming their products and services. Prior to the introduction of economic liberalization in 1990s, there was little incentive for marketers to advertise their products and services, as rural markets were predominantly a sellers market. The influence of the electronic media, in particular television, video and the Hindi film industry, is contributing to the growth of rural aspirations, which are being manifested in rural India in the form of increasing consumerism. The rural environment is different from the urban and therefore communication to potential customers in a proper and effective manner is a major challenge for corporate marketers. The majority of advertisements designed by corporate marketers, are largely urban oriented and extend themselves to rural areas without any consideration to the values and sensitivities of the rural audience, which are often in striking contrast to those of their urban counterparts. This has led to a negative perception in the minds of villagers, about urban media planners and advertisers. Rural communication is not a peripheral activity. It does not, for instance, involve taking an audio-visual van to a village and assuming that this step is enough to reach out to customers. It requires an entirely different mindset, which demands getting rid of many mental barriers. Companies have to realize that rural is a long-haul market, as gains in the short term are neither immediate nor large. Challenges in Rural Communications There are many challenges to communication in rural. Low literacy level; poor media reach and exposure and vast, heterogeneous and diversely spread rural audiences characterized by variations in language, culture and lifestyle-all these factors pose multiple challenges to marketers looking to take their messages to the largely media-dark or media-grey areas, of rural markets. Heterogeneity and spread The communication pattern in any society is a part of its culture. No communication medium can exist in a cultural vacuum. Communicating the message to rural consumers ha posed enormous challenges to the rural marketer, because of the large numbers of consumers scatters across the country. The problem is further compounded by the heterogeneous nature of consumers there are 16 scheduled languages and 114 local vernaculars. For example, the dialects used in the Vidharbha region, in Konkan region, in costal Maharashtra etc. Limited Media Reach The limited reach of the mass media imposes limitations on universal communication to rural consumers. These factors lead to poor message comprehension and negligible impact, which fail to translate into consumer awareness and hence fail in generating consumer pull. Understanding the Rural Audience It is not sufficient to understand rural communication challenges as stated above: rather, what is equally crucial is the need to understand the behavioural and psychographic characteristics of the rural audience, in order to develop an effective rural communication strategy. Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) Tools IMC is a management concept that is designed to make all aspects of marketing communication such as advertising, sales promotion, public relations, personal selling and direct marketing work together as a unified force, rather than permitting each to work in isolation. Advertising Advertising has four characteristics: it is persuasive in nature; it is non-personal; it is paid for by an identified sponsor; and it is disseminated through mass channels of communication. Advertising messages may promote the adoption of goods, services, persons, or ideas. Because the sales message is disseminated through the mass media-as opposed to personal selling-it is viewed as a much cheaper way of reaching consumers. However, its non-personal nature means it lacks the ability to tailor the sales message to the message recipient and, more importantly, actually get the sale. Therefore, advertising effects are best measured in terms of increasing awareness and changing attitudes and opinions, not creating sales. Advertisings contribution to sales is difficult to isolate because many factors influence sales. The contribution advertising makes to sales are best viewed over the long run. The exception to this thinking is within the internet arena. While banner ads, pop-ups and inte rstitials should still be viewed as brand promoting and not necessarily sales drivers, technology provides the ability to track how many of a websites visitors click the banner, investigate a product, request more information, and ultimately make a purchase. Through the use of symbols and images advertising can help differentiate products and services that are otherwise similar. Advertising also helps create and maintain brand equity. Brand equity is an intangible asset that results from a favorable image, impressions of differentiation, or consumer attachment to the company, brand, or trademark. This equity translates into greater sales volume, and/or higher margins, thus greater competitive advantage. Brand equity is established and maintained through advertising that focuses on image, product attributes, service, or other features of the company and its products or services. Cost is the greatest disadvantage of advertising. The average cost for a 30-second spot on network television increased fivefold between 1980 and 2005. Plus, the average cost of producing a 30-second ad for network television is quite expensive. It is not uncommon for a national advertiser to spend in the millions of dollars for one 30-second commercial to be produced. Add more millions on top of that if celebrity talent is utilized. Credibility and clutter are other disadvantages. Consumers have become increasingly skeptical about advertising messages and tend to resent advertisers attempt to persuade. Advertising is everywhere, from network television, to daily newspapers, to roadside billboards, to golf course signs, to stickers on fruit in grocery stores. Clutter encourages consumers to ignore many advertising messages. New media are emerging, such as DVRs (digital video recorders) which allow consumers to record programs and then skip commercials, and satellite radio which provides a majority of its channels advertising free. Public Relations (PR) Public relations is defined as a management function which identifies, establishes, and maintains mutually beneficial relationships between an organization and the public upon which its success or failure depends. Whereas advertising is a one-way communication from sender (the marketer) to the receiver (the consumer or the retail trade), public relations considers multiple audiences (consumers, employees, suppliers, vendors, etc.) and uses two-way communication to monitor feedback and adjust both its message and the organizations actions for maximum benefit. A primary tool used by public relations practitioners is publicity. Publicity capitalizes on the news value of a product, service, idea, person or event so that the information can be disseminated through the news media. This third party endorsement by the news media provides a vital boost to the marketing communication message: credibility. Articles in the media are perceived as being more objective than advertisements, and thei r messages are more likely to be absorbed and believed. For example, after the CBS newsmagazine 60 Minutes reported in the early 1990s that drinking moderate amounts of red wine could prevent heart attacks by lowering cholesterol, red wine sales in the United States increased 50 percent. Another benefit publicity offers is that it is free, not considering the great amount of effort it can require to get out-bound publicity noticed and picked up by media sources. Public relations role in the promotional mix is becoming more important because of what Philip Kotler describes as an over communicated society. Consumers develop communication-avoidance routines where they are likely to tune out commercial messages. As advertising loses some of its cost-effectiveness, marketers are turning to news coverage, events, and community programs to help disseminate their product and company messages. Some consumers may also base their purchase decisions on the image of the company, for example, how environmentally responsible the company is. In this regard, public relations plays an important role in presenting, through news reports, sponsorships, advertorials (a form of advertising that instead of selling a product or service promotes the companys views regarding current issues), and other forms of communication, what the company stands for. Sales Promotions (SP) Sales promotions are direct inducements that offer extra incentives to enhance or accelerate the products movement from producer to consumer. Sales promotions may be directed at the consumer or the trade. Consumer promotions such as coupons, sampling, premiums, sweepstakes, price packs (packs that offer greater quantity or lower cost than normal), low-cost financing deals, and rebates are purchase incentives in that they induce product trial and encourage repurchase. Consumer promotions may also include incentives to visit a retail establishment or request additional information. Trade promotions include slotting allowances (buying shelf space in retail stores), allowances for featuring the brand in retail advertising, display and merchandising allowances, buying allowances (volume discounts and other volume-oriented incentives), bill back allowances (pay-for-performance incentives), incentives to salespeople, and other tactics to encourage retailers to carry the item and to push the brand. Two perspectives may be found among marketers regarding sales promotion. First, sales promotion is supplemental to advertising in that it binds the role of advertising with personal selling. This view regards sales promotion as a minor player in the marketing communication program. A second view regards sales promotion and advertising as distinct functions with objectives and strategies very different from each other. Sales promotion in this sense is equal to or even more important than advertising. Some companies allocate as much as 75 percent of their advertising/promotion dollars to sales promotion and just 25 percent to advertising. Finding the right balance is often a difficult task. The main purpose of sales promotion is to spur action. Advertising sets up the deal by developing a brand reputation and building market value. Sales promotion helps close the deal by providing incentives that build market volume. Sales promotions can motivate customers to select a particular brand, especially when brands appear to be equal, and they can produce more immediate and measurable results than advertising. However, too heavy a reliance on sales promotions results in deal-prone consumers with little brand loyalty and too much price sensitivity. Sales promotions can also force competitors to offer similar inducements, with sales and profits suffering for everyone. Personal Selling (PS) Personal selling includes all person-to-person contact with customers with the purpose of introducing the product to the customer, convincing him or her of the products value, and closing the sale. The role of personal selling varies from organization to organization, depending on the nature and size of the company, the industry, and the products or services it is marketing. Many marketing executives realize that both sales and non-sales employees act as salespeople for their organization in one way or another. One study that perhaps supports this contention found that marketing executives predicted greater emphasis being placed on sales management and personal selling in their organization than on any other promotional mix element. These organizations have launched training sessions that show employees how they act as salespeople for the organization and how they can improve their interpersonal skills with clients, customers, and prospects. Employee reward programs now reward employ ees for their efforts in this regard. Personal selling is the most effective way to make a sale because of the interpersonal communication between the salesperson and the prospect. Messages can be tailored to particular situations, immediate feedback can be processed, and message strategies can be changed to accommodate the feedback. However, personal selling is the most expensive way to make a sale, with the average cost per sales call ranging from $235 to $332 and the average number of sales calls needed to close a deal being between three and six personal calls. Sales and marketing management classifies salespersons into one of three groups: creative selling, order taking, and missionary sales reps. Creative selling jobs require the most skills and preparation. They are the point person for the sales function. They prospect for customers, analyze situations, determine how their company can satisfy wants and needs of prospects, and, most importantly, get an order. Order takers take over after the initial order is received. They handle repeat purchases (straight rebuys) and modified rebuys. Missionary sales reps service accounts by introducing new products, promotions, and other programs. Orders are taken by order takers or by distributors. Direct Marketing (DM) Direct marketing, the oldest form of marketing, is the process of communicating directly with target customers to encourage response by telephone, mail, electronic means, or personal visit. Users of direct marketing include retailers, wholesalers, manufacturers, and service providers, and they use a variety of methods including direct mail, telemarketing, direct-response advertising, online computer shopping services, cable shopping networks, and infomercials. Traditionally not viewed as an element in the promotional mix, direct marketing represents one of the most profound changes in marketing and promotion in the last 25 years. Aspects of direct marketing, which includes direct response advertising and direct mail advertising as well as the various research and support activities necessary for their implementation, have been adopted by virtually all companies engaged in marketing products, services, ideas, or persons. Direct marketing has become an important part of many marketing communication programs for three reasons. First, the number of two-income households has increased dramatically. About six in every ten women in the United States work outside the home. This has reduced the amount of time families have for shopping trips. Secondly, more shoppers than ever before rely on credit cards for payment of goods and services. These cashless transactions make products easier and faster to purchase. Finally, technological advances in telecommunications and computers allow consumers to make purchases from their homes via telephone, television, or computer with ease and safety. These three factors have dramatically altered the purchasing habits of American consumers and made direct marketing a growing field worldwide. Direct marketing allows a company to target more precisely a segment of customers and prospects with a sales message tailored to their specific needs and characteristics. Unlike advertising and public relations, whose connections to actual sales are tenuous or nebulous at best, direct marketing offers accountability by providing tangible results. The economics of direct marketing have also improved over the years as more information is gathered about customers and prospects. By identifying those consumers they can serve more effectively and profitably, companies may be more efficient in their marketing efforts. Whereas network television in the past offered opportunities to reach huge groups of consumers at a low cost per thousand, direct marketing can reach individual consumers and develop a relationship with each of them. Research indicates that brands with strong brand equity are more successful in direct marketing efforts than little-known brands. Direct marketing, then, works best when other marketing communication such as traditional media advertising supports the direct marketing effort. Direct marketing has its drawbacks also. Just as consumers built resistance to the persuasive nature of advertising, so have they with direct marketing efforts. Direct marketers have responded by being less sales oriented and more relationship oriented. Also, just as consumers grew weary of advertising clutter, so have they with the direct marketing efforts. Consumers are bombarded with mail, infomercials, and telemarketing pitches daily. Some direct marketers have responded by regarding privacy as a customer service benefit. Direct marketers must also overcome consumer mistrust of direct marketing efforts due to incidents of illegal behavior by companies and individuals using direct marketing. The U.S. Postal Service, the Federal Trade Commission, and other federal and state agencies may prosecute criminal acts. The industry then risks legislation regulating the behavior of direct marketers if it is not successful in self-regulation. The Direct Marketing Association, the leading tra de organization for direct marketing, works with companies and government agencies to initiate self-regulation. In March of 2003 the National Do Not Call Registry went into affect whereby consumers added their names to a list that telemarketers had to eliminate from their out-bound call database. Emerging Tools of IMC Sponsorships (Event Marketing) Sponsorships, or event marketing, combine advertising and sales promotions with public relations. Sponsorships increase awareness of a company or product, build loyalty with a specific target audience, help differentiate a product from its competitors, provide merchandising opportunities, demonstrate commitment to a community or ethnic group, or impact the bottom line. Like advertising, sponsorships are initiated to build long-term associations. Organizations sometimes compare sponsorships with advertising by using gross impressions or cost-per-thousand measurements. However, the value of sponsorships can be very difficult to measure. Companies considering sponsorships should consider the short-term public relations value of sponsorships and the long-term goals of the organization. Sports sponsorships make up about two-thirds of all sponsorships. Social Media Marketing The concept of social media marketing basically refers to the process of promoting business or websites through social media channels. It is a powerful marketing medium that is defining the way people are communicating. It is one of the significantly low-cost promotional methods that provide businesses large numbers of links and huge amount of traffic. Companies manage to get massive attention and that really works in favour of the business. Social media marketing is a potent method applied by progressive companies for selling their products/services or for just publishing content for advertisement revenue. Social media is an extremely useful tool using which companies can get their information, product descriptions, promotions all ingrained in the chain of networking world. Considering the newness of this marketing method, organizations are coming up with innovative ways to develop their marketing plans. New platforms are being created to approach potential clients. A large number of business organizations are allocating budget for online business development using social media marketing. It is a booming sector which is going to redefine the way marketing strategies are being formed and promoted. Internet Marketing Internet marketing also referred to as i-marketing, web-marketing, online-marketing or e-Marketing, is the marketing of products or services over the Internet. The Internet has brought media to a global audience. The interactive nature of Internet marketing in terms of providing instant responses and eliciting responses are the unique qualities of the medium. Internet marketing is sometimes considered to be broad in scope because it not only refers to marketing on the Internet, but also includes marketing done via e-mail and wireless media. Management of digital customer data and electronic customer relationship management (ECRM) systems are also often grouped together under internet marketing. Internet marketing ties together creative and technical aspects of the Internet, including: design, development, advertising, and sales. Internet marketing also refers to the placement of media along many different stages of the customer engagement cycle through search engine marketing (SEM), search engine optimization (SEO), banner ads on specific websites, e-mail marketing, and Web 2.0 strategies. Mobile Marketing Mobile Marketing involves communicating with the consumer via cellular (or mobile) device, either to send a simple marketing message, to introduce them to a new audience participation-based campaign or to allow them to visit a mobile website. Mobile connectivity not only enables people to connect to the Internet via a cellular telephone, PDA or other gadget, but also consolidates the different communication channels in a simple, yet effective medium. Cheaper than traditional means for both the consumer and the marketer and easy enough for almost any age group to understand and engage with Mobile Marketing really is a streamlined version of traditional eMarketing. Strategic Framework for IMC in Rural Markets in India A strategic framework for implementing Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) in the rural markets in India has been proposed. The following are the elements of the framework: Objectives: The firms need to set and review their objectives for the rural markets. The desired effects and output needed from an integrated communications programme need to be decided and this becomes the base for the next steps in the implementation framework. 3As of the Adoption Process: Awareness Creation: Firstly, awareness needs to be created about the brand and the product in the rural market. An urban product might have low or almost nil awareness level in the rural market. The various tools that should be used at this stage are Public Relations, Direct Marketing, Advertising and Events. Adopt the Brand: Once awareness has been created about the brand, steps need to be taken so that the rural markets adopt the brand. The various tools that should be used at this stage are Personal Selling, Sales Promotions and Road shows. Brand Purchase: Once people have adopted the brand, steps must be taken to ensure that people purchase the brand and become repeat buyers. The tools which must be used at this stage are Sales Promotion and Personal Selling. IMC Tools: As mentioned before, different tools serve different purposes in the rural markets. For awareness creation, Public Relations, Direct Marketing, Advertising and Events are useful. Rural advertising will be different from the urban advertising keeping in mind the different profiles of the rural customers. Events also are very effective tools as they engage prospective consumers. The tools useful for adopting the brand are Personal Selling, Sales Promotions and Road shows. The markets accept and adopt the brands once salience has been achieved in the previous stage. Road shows are newer IMC tools which are proving to be very effective. They should be leveraged in the rural markets. In the brand purchase stage, tools like Personal Selling and Sales Promotions must be used as they have a direct impact on the brand purchase by providing incentives and more direct information about the brand. Select Right Mix of IMC: All these above mentioned tools need to be used judiciously and in the right proportion to achieve the desired marketing objectives. There needs to be a strategic fit between the chosen tools and the IMC objectives. Depending on the stages of the adoption process, the corresponding tools should be given importance over others and also overall media budget must be considered. Adds Incremental Value to the Firm: The implementation of an Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) model in the rural markets in the above mentioned manner will add incremental value to the firm. Since most of the corporate are looking in a big manner to exploit the rural markets in India, the above strategic framework might be useful for them to devise an IMC strategy. And it goes without saying that an urban IMC will be different from a rural IMC. Conclusions Customers in villages have their own set of aspirations and are willing to pay for the right services. Companies are understanding that to play the game in rural markets is to understand and innovate products exclusively for the rural consumers and after tasting success can also be replicated in the urban markets. The rural environment is different from the urban and therefore communication to potential customers in a proper and effective manner is a major challenge for corporate marketers. An urban communications approach might not hold well in these rural markets and thus there is a need to have a different Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) approach for the rural markets in India. The strategic framework for Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) developed in this paper may be used by companies as a part of their rural strategy. Thus the companies can add incremental value to themselves.

Cloning :: essays research papers

Cloning   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Duplicating of genes and DNA†¦. Cloning? Cloning is basically the reproduction of cells. You take an unfertilized cell, combine it with a cell from the same organism and create a new living cell. The question is†¦is cloning OK? Is the breeding of a bigger and meatier cow and fresher healthier potatoes equal to cloning a person? Many different groups debate upon these questions. Religious groups argue that God created all, and he thrives on diversity. This diversity is being threatened by cloning. Some also believe the process which scientists use is murder. Because half of the nucleus used to make a normal being is sucked out, and destroying the original DNA is murder. The half set of DNA in the unfertilized egg cell is destroyed, but suggesting that destroying a mere nonliving, nonthinking chemical such as DNA is murder is ridiculous. Thousands of cells will die in your body as you're reading this, and their DNA will be destroyed with them. Is that murd er? Cloning, in it’s use right now with just foods and animals are quite beneficial. It opens many opportunities for both scientific and general population needs. Scientists use cloning techniques to make identical test subjects, so reducing the amount of error in animal tests. They can also protect endangered species by cloning couples in captivity. Many can benefit from organ cloning, although the process has not been perfected yet. Human ears have been reproduced on mice, which shows all the applications of cloning. In the future, this genetic mutation may save the lives of countless people that are if we can use animals to grow human organs in. The possibilities for this process have no boundaries. Like anything else that is new, the cloning process can be used for wrongful purposes. For instance, when a species is too much alike, the possibility of a single disease wiping it out is very high. Overlook the disease and you bread weak animals. However, are the scientists vulnerable to our criticism for say overlooking the viruses or hereditary sicknesses? Or should we credit them for perhaps looking into that already? The scientists have no doubt already considered the consequences of over breeding in these plants and animals that are weak and diseased. Yet our society relies on the same small variety of plants and animals for our natural resources. All of this was, in actuality, happening before cloning started and it doesn't change much in the way of agriculture. Cloning :: essays research papers Cloning   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Duplicating of genes and DNA†¦. Cloning? Cloning is basically the reproduction of cells. You take an unfertilized cell, combine it with a cell from the same organism and create a new living cell. The question is†¦is cloning OK? Is the breeding of a bigger and meatier cow and fresher healthier potatoes equal to cloning a person? Many different groups debate upon these questions. Religious groups argue that God created all, and he thrives on diversity. This diversity is being threatened by cloning. Some also believe the process which scientists use is murder. Because half of the nucleus used to make a normal being is sucked out, and destroying the original DNA is murder. The half set of DNA in the unfertilized egg cell is destroyed, but suggesting that destroying a mere nonliving, nonthinking chemical such as DNA is murder is ridiculous. Thousands of cells will die in your body as you're reading this, and their DNA will be destroyed with them. Is that murd er? Cloning, in it’s use right now with just foods and animals are quite beneficial. It opens many opportunities for both scientific and general population needs. Scientists use cloning techniques to make identical test subjects, so reducing the amount of error in animal tests. They can also protect endangered species by cloning couples in captivity. Many can benefit from organ cloning, although the process has not been perfected yet. Human ears have been reproduced on mice, which shows all the applications of cloning. In the future, this genetic mutation may save the lives of countless people that are if we can use animals to grow human organs in. The possibilities for this process have no boundaries. Like anything else that is new, the cloning process can be used for wrongful purposes. For instance, when a species is too much alike, the possibility of a single disease wiping it out is very high. Overlook the disease and you bread weak animals. However, are the scientists vulnerable to our criticism for say overlooking the viruses or hereditary sicknesses? Or should we credit them for perhaps looking into that already? The scientists have no doubt already considered the consequences of over breeding in these plants and animals that are weak and diseased. Yet our society relies on the same small variety of plants and animals for our natural resources. All of this was, in actuality, happening before cloning started and it doesn't change much in the way of agriculture.

How computers effect our lives?

Computer as a tool and a technique product is no longer strange for people in modern society. People use computer anywhere with and field. Computers have played an amazing role in the world. Nowadays, almost everybody has more than one computer in their home. More areas are being taken over by the computer. Today, the computer has changed the business world and our daily lives. To begin with, can you image that you live without computers during a week?For me, it is absolutely not possible since I use computer to contact my family and my friend everyday. Most of the youth of today use computers to relax in their daily lives. They play computer games or enjoy in the social network. Also, people can choose movies and listen to music that they like. In addition, computers are essential tools that help people in work area. Programs can do various functions and ease the process of doing it manually without computer. For instance, designers use software to deal with all the advertising and design papers.Businessmen use computers to communicate with their clients like video chat, online phones and sales transaction, while some people can find a job or an opportunity on the internet. Moreover, the most important is that computer improves efficiency for people’s lives. For example, individuals not only can use computers to book trios online, but also book hotels, flights even a delicious meal. Furthermore, people can shop on line to buy anything for a lower price. It’s not only convenient, but also saves people money and time.Additionally, computers are used extensively in public department like hospitals; the doctors can log new information or take the medical history from the patient. Also, computers play a significant role in a surgery which the doctors can know the condition about the patient during the process. It is the best way to help doctors analyze and solve problems for patients. Besides medical system, in the high crime rate society computer tec hniques help the police to analyze cases and it’s both quick and accurate to solve a case.Computers are the best tool to learn about people whether you are old or a disabled person. It is no longer that time, when people only could be educated in school. Nowadays, everyone can study online to learn languages, cultures, history etc. Also, you can watch public classes online courses from Yale, Stanford, Oxford which have fascinating selection to attract you to help develop cognitive abilities. You needn’t go to the UK or US, the only one thing you do is just open your computer then enjoy it. On the other hand, the computer is a great tool for people who are looking to learn anything in the world.Whether you want to read books or search the news, or get information worldwide, the computer can handle all these of things. Computer can compute thousands of problems in just a second. You can send documents in just one click and keep in touch with your relatives in aboard. Fin ally, the computer is a very spectacular tool that can change and effect people’s lives. The computer has truly revolutionized changed this epoch. It has made everyone’s life easier by doing difficult subjects. The computer is one of the most incredible inventions in history.

Critical Evaluation Of Contemporary Issues In Hospitality Management Tourism Essays

Critical Evaluation Of Contemporary Issues In Hospitality Management Tourism Essays Critical Evaluation Of Contemporary Issues In Hospitality Management Tourism Essay Critical Evaluation Of Contemporary Issues In Hospitality Management Tourism Essay Hospitality is a dynamic industry that is of all time altering as a consequence of several external factors. The industry has become more competitory than of all time before. Some companies frequently fail while others are really successful. Tanke ( 2001 ) argues that successful houses get, manage, and develop resources that provide competitory advantage. They besides control and build up relationships with a big figure of organisations, assorted stakeholders, and groups. Globalization has intensified the fight and for houses to stay competitory they have to spread out their relationship webs and collaborate with each other to stay competitory. Many houses are get downing to supervise and pull off cardinal indexs to cut on cost and salvage money. Harmonizing to Ottenbacher and Gnoth ( 2005 ) There are several modern-day issues in the cordial reception industry which include, human resource direction, strategic direction, usage of ICT and gastronomy and touristry. Much of alterations in issues have been brought about by globalisation. For illustration in the instance of human resource, globalisation has brought diverseness in the human resources. Information communicating engineering has advanced much in development. The high figure of people going to foreign lands has brought alterations in the gastronomy and touristry. Hospitality concerns must therefore manage all these issues to win in their operations. Tanke, ( 2001 ) argues that cordial reception concerns will necessitate to concentrate more on trade name, human resource, emerging markets and information communicating engineering. These are the primary determiners of the victors and also-rans in old ages to come. Strategic direction is therefore of import in finding the success of these houses. Strategic direction has been hailed to supply higher degrees of satisfaction than other direction tools. Literature Review HRM Issues In the Hotel Industry Globally The importance of valuable human resource direction to concern success in any usage of human resources can give an organisation a competitory advantage. The importance of human resources is peculiarly important in cordial reception industry. Duncan ( 2005 ) suggested that there are several chief countries of challenge and concern in the planetary cordial reception industry, associating to employment issues, revenue enhancement degrees and environmental issues. Employee turnover Harmonizing to Hinkin and Tracey ( 2000 ) employee turnover has become one of the challenges in the cordial reception industry. The industry globally suffers from high degree of staff turnover, which result to intangible costs and high direct outgo. Riegel ( 2002 ) argues that turnover is a consequence of several factors such as occupation dissatisfaction, hapless working environment, hapless supervising and deficiency of committedness that influence employee attitude and behaviour. Iverson and Deery ( 1997 ) carried out a research on the labour demands of the cordial reception industry and established that the high turnover rate is one the most hard issues in human resource direction in that context. They reported that the turnover job in big hotels was much worse than in little hotels. Many hotels are be aftering to increase the figure of people employed merely to cover the turnover state of affairs. Hoque ( 1999 ) contends that service quality focuses on the nature of the interaction between the single employee and the client at the point of service, in footings of niceness and overall professionalism. Hoque besides argues that service quality is the chief factor in making competitory advantage in the hotel industry, and that any hotel that does non do an attempt to better continually its service quality will lose land. Competitive advantage generated from internal beginnings includes such features as value rarity, exceptionality, and non-substitutability ( Iverson, A ; Deery 1997 ) , and the employee at the terminal of the service bringing system may good be the lone differentiated and alone plus of a hotel organisation that can non be easy copied. Hinkin and Tracey ( 2000 ) have besides recommended that there are in fact merely two ways to vie in and distinguish between cordial reception services. One is by viing on monetary value and minimizing costs, which locks a hotel into a peculiar market section. The other is to vie by supplying exceeding service. They note that client attention is non a new construct in the service industry, but it is still a complex thing to command and prolong. In the face of the high degree of turnover in the hotel industry, it is possible that some clients are served by employees who are reasonably untrained, less committed, and less capable in their societal accomplishments. But covering with this requires the usage of rather organized attacks to serve quality direction. Huang ( 2001 ) suggested that if an organisation s first and first aim is to supply a service, a holistic attack to serve choice direction must be developed and employed, insightful at all degrees of the organisation from the main executive to the entry degree employees. Training and development Garavan ( 1997 ) argues that preparation and development of employees is linked to service quality because its activities can be used to beef up attitudes and behaviours that lead to effectual service. Several research workers have suggested that developing a service civilization during preparation and development and cognition edifice are good patterns. Employees developing and development of accomplishments help houses to heighten quality of service, addition productiveness, and cut down costs. Elsewhere, Davies, Taylor and Savery ( 2001 ) investigated certain human resource direction maps in bettering employees dealingss in western Australian adjustment industry and found out that sustained preparation and development led to an of import betterment in productiveness, with a decreased turnover of employees. Huang ( 2001 ) argued that in Taiwan preparation and development was the chief important driver for economic development. Staff enlisting and choice Alleyne, Doherty and Greenidge ( 2006 ) contend the due to the nature of the cordial reception industry ; labour demand is much unpredictable and capable to seasonal fluctuation. As a consequence the cordial reception industry has had negative image among prospective employees. Elsewhere Debrah and Budhwar ( 2004 ) argue that alterations in the macro environment for illustration ageing work force, lower birth rates have besides contributed to employees deficit rising the instability between the employee demand and supply. This has made employee resourcing a great job and high spots that effectual direction of demand and supply of best employee is a great job in the cordial reception industry ( Tanke, 2001 ) . Global fight in the cordial reception industry Successful cordial reception houses finally find that their domestic markets are either saturated or that foreign markets offer chances for growing and net incomes which are non available domestically. Several forces are taking concerns into the planetary sphere. These include trade barriers falling particularly in Europe and North America, freshly industrialised states, displacement towards market economic systems, handiness of fiscal capital ; criterions are going unvarying globally and advancement in information engineering ( Tanke, 2001 ) . Organizations that want to stay competitory must therefore get province of the art resources at a lower monetary value, for illustration they may see spread outing to emerging states where labour is inexpensive. The strategic direction reverberations of increasing globalisation are utmost. Directors can non afford to overlook chances in foreign markets. Nonetheless, concern methods and imposts vary from state to state. These disparities make stakeholder analysis and direction even more of import. Analysis of broad environmental forces such as society, engineering, and political influences ought to besides be extended to the different parts in which an organisation carries out concern. Peoples besides vary greatly from part to part. The challenge of an of all time increasing competitory planetary market place can be tackled through a well-devised strategic direction procedure. Nevertheless, tactical planning must non ever lead to the sorts of alterations that are indispensable to remain aggressive over the long term. Technology Although there has been an increasing consciousness of the value of province of the art integrated systems many cordial reception houses still do non take advantage of them. There unequal apprehension of how much competency could be improved via usage of these systems. Tanke, ( 2001 ) argues that cordial reception disposal systems have over the old ages developed into complex, good incorporated tools which help houses to do more gross, pull more invitees, and better effectivity. However, some concern still hang on systems that have are much in front of their competitory utile life. This limits them from holding the benefits that are brought about by these systems. Though several houses are scared of upgrading their systems because they fear that their employees will non be in a place to manage these systems, there is demand for developing the employees how to utilize these systems ( Tanke, 2001 ) . Alleyne, Doherty and Greenidge ( 2006 ) contend that as systems become more inclusive their support and security direction become necessary and complex. However it must be noted that it is about impossible for organisations to hold their ain proficient support staff skilled in all the system they use. Guest study has become an purpose for stealers and onslaughts on computing machines are going more complex. These tendencies call for a displacement towards more professional system direction ; this may be a corporate squad or an understanding party. Elsewhere Debrah and Budhwar ( 2004 ) argue that innermost gross direction squads, for illustration, can supply specializer aid to legion belongingss in a regionally incorporate manner. Centrally-hosted systems permit highly-skilled technicians to offer a far more protected and managed systems environment than would be accessible to an single house. This tendency is expected to protract as understanding grows of the value of keeping systems runing at peak proficiency, and of the possible injury from security misdemeanors. Methodology Harmonizing to Hoque, ( 1999 ) two indispensable inquiries were put to a sample of hotels: What are the cardinal human resource direction issues and concerns in the cordial reception industry of Taiwan? And what are the chief human resource direction functions and patterns used to prosecute with them? Rather than default to a individual issue attack to the interviewees, the interviewer tried to analyze human resource direction in the cordial reception industry in an wholly open-ended manner. The respondents were free to raise any human resource direction issues, concerns, maps and patterns that they thought to be important. This method allowed the research worker to detect what came up in order of precedence for the respondents, or what failed to come up at all ( Hoque, 1999 ) The method used was qualitative and the chief technique was in-depth interviews. Leading inquiries were avoided by the research worker on order to derive a deeper apprehension of some phenomena as experienced by a group of people ( Creswell, 2003 ) . It was non possible to analyze all the hotels in Taiwan because of fiscal and clip restraints. The research worker selected the concatenation hotels which he expected to hold formalized human resource direction patterns than smaller hotels. The research worker farther segmented the hotels harmonizing to figure of suites, geographic location, and trade name. The research worker interviewed senior directors but in some instances some hotels that were approached refused to be interviewed reasoning that they would see questionnaires because of their tight agendas. Although there are few unequivocal regulations for sample size in qualitative question ( Patton, 2002 ) , it has been suggested that 12-20 illustrations are needed when seeking to obtain the broadest scope of information and positions on the topic of survey ( Kuzel, 1992 ) . At the clip this research was conducted, there were 46 concatenation hotel belongingss in Taiwan and the sample selected totaled 14 hotels, which represents 30.43 % of the entire population of such hotels. Analysis The findings were presented together because some issues were common to all the respondents and had cause and consequence relationship. Fourteen take parting hotels identified several chief issues viz. deficit of employees 100 % of the respondents, 64 % of the respondents talked of challenges in attack to preparation and development. While 50 % of the respondents emphasized on the high degree of employee turnover. Deficit of employees Participants pointed out that the overall instruction degree in Taiwan has risen in the last decennary. This has caused a job to the cordial reception houses in enrolling entry degree employees. The increased growing of the cordial reception industry has made the deficit even worse. Respondents nevertheless, believe that at in-between degree the instance is different there is o deficit at this degree. However those who hold these places are non qualified but merely make full these places because a vacancy has to be filled. Shortcoming in Approaches to preparation and development Most of the employees have no cordial reception background this calls for a sophisticated preparation and development attacks. Nevertheless, some hotelkeepers believe that that is non a major job because they believe that accomplishments can be gained on occupation preparation. High degree of employee turnover Participants pointed out that this was ineluctable because of the nature of the cordial reception industry. In certain instances the turnover might be positive to the industry as it may take de-motivated staff. Respondents besides pointed out that older employees led to miss of invention, extract of fresh thoughts and creative activity in the house. Discussion From the in deepness interviews it can be argued that challenges in preparation and development, unequal employees and jobs in internship employment can be attributed to client service quality discussed in the literature. Kuzel, ( 1992 ) argues that using housemans is a solution to the deficits in the cordial reception sector. Interns provide stable employment particularly at the entry degree. Some hotels merely view housemans as supportive force as opposed to long term investings. It is recommended that cordial reception directors should make a sense of belonging to the housemans so that they could come back and work in these constitutions. Most participants in this survey appeared to accept Hoque s ( 1999 ) position that the high degree of turnover is a fact of life and a regular and acceptable phenomenon in the cordial reception industry ( Iverson A ; Deery, 1997 ) . In the fact, turnover still can be improved by better direction, every bit long as human resource directors can see it as an chance, non merely an ineluctable job. Some research workers have recommended that specific human resource direction patterns can better employee satisfaction which in bends minimizes the turnover rate. Authorization is one of the efficient attacks suggested by many research workers ( Enz A ; Siguaw, 2000a, 2000b ; Lashley, 1999 ) . They recommended that it is important to give power to the employees who provide services by concentrating on clients demands. Service brushs are the cardinal activity in a client service concern and employees may meet a batch of diverse alone state of affairss which can non be covered by the organisational policies and actions ( Iverson A ; Deery 1997 ) . If organisations are able to give power to their employees, so they are able to exert prudence in presenting client service and make whatever is required to fulfill clients demands ( Enz A ; Siguaw, 2000a ; Lashley, 1999 ) . It has been disputed that empowered employees besides have a leaning to hold a strong sense of control and person al worth because they can take liability for the service brush and have the power to consequence client satisfaction ( Lashley, 1999 ) . At another degree, it has been recommended that sceptered employees are motivated by making meaningful work that finally enhances their occupation satisfaction and reduces the turnover rate s Harmonizing to Lashley, ( 1999 ) as a consequence of planetary economic alterations at that place has been increased competition and uncertainness, the houses have to be flexible in employee resourcing and reacting to clients. The human resource directors must utilize methods that give them flexibleness to use employees to react to fluctuations. This type of employment helps the organisation to cut on direct labour cost and besides provide flexibleness for employees and employers. One of the possible negative feature is that despatching workers have a limited relationship with hotels in which they will work resulting in low trust and low committedness. These might, in bend, lead to disagreement between direct-hire and despatching workers, and between direction and employees ( Kalleberg, 2000 ) . Another likeliness is that it is more expensive to pull off the outsourcing activity than ab initio expected, so that the end of cost economy is non achieved ( Albertson, 2000 ) . The inclination towards flexible working has become inevitable in such a fluctuating environment ( Purcell A ; Purcell, 1998 ) , and dispatching is one of the agreements which are prone to be a lasting moral force of the hotel industry in the hereafter. While going more popular in Taiwan, but there is no regulation of the procedure at the clip of composing. It has been argued that it is indispensable to modulate dispatching employment, because of the complex triangular employment relationship between despatching company, dispatched worker, and the house to which they have been dispatched ( Kalleberg, 2000 ; Purcell A ; Purcell, 1998 ) . Decision This survey set out to happen out the modern-day issues in the cordial reception industry. Due to its nature the cordial reception industry and globalisation consequence the industry has several modern-day issues. These modern-day issues have a direct impact on the cordial reception industry and for that ground they must be strategically managed for these concerns to win. This survey nevertheless lays accent on the modern-day issues in human resource direction. The findings of this survey suggest that many of the take parting hotels thought and mentality are at the operational degree, instead than the strategic degree. Even though a good figure were able to place peculiar human resource direction issues as critical, it seems that many do non hold strategic attacks to cover with these challenges. Equally, although most perceived specific human resource direction maps and patterns as being really of import, some of these are non utilized in a complicated manner. Some of those interviewed had fresh ideas and originative thoughts but had a limited voice or engagement in decision-making. It seems that their function is seen as being to travel behind the policy that has been already set by top direction, instead than being an active voice or caput in the organisation s thought. It was really unusual for respondents in this survey to hold a place at board degree or to play a cardinal function in making and back uping competitory advantages for the concern. The interviewer concluded that human resource direction is non normally seen as a beginning of competitory advantage, and many look frontward to keep fight chiefly through new installations and comfortss. However, Ottenbacher and Gnoth ( 2005 ) have argued that the efficiency of a hotel s attack to human resource direction is merely every bit important as a beginning of sustainable advantage. This survey has stressed that the extremely competitory nature of the industry affects both clients and staff. In peculiar, gifted people are much preferred in a labour-intensive client service industry. This research has expectantly provided some practical and strategic suggestions for hotelkeepers to traverse the spread between the operational degree and the strategic degree of thought and pattern. However, it is concluded that hotel proprietors need to be cognizant that human resource direction must be managed good in order to maintain up with alterations in the planetary environment. The human resource direction map is no longer one of traditional forces disposal ; alternatively, it must be strategic and proactive in covering with complicated human resource direction issues.

10 Exploratory Essay Topics on Earthquake Prediction

10 Exploratory Essay Topics on Earthquake Prediction You have been asked to write an exploratory essay on whether earthquakes are predictable or not. Even though you have over 15 websites open in your window for reference, you can’t seem to dig up anything meaningful. Fret not, today is your lucky day because we are going discuss an extensive three-part guide on the subject. In this section, you’ll find ten very informative facts on earthquake prediction while the next section is titled 20 topics on earthquake prediction for an exploratory essay, will help you select a good topic. There’s also a sample essay on one of those topics and finally, the third part of this guide discusses how to write the essay itself. We assure going through this guide, your exploratory essay will be exceptional and help you get full credit. Here are 10 facts on earthquake prediction for an exploratory essay:   Ã‚  Ã‚  To this day, there hasn’t been a system that can predict an earthquake, big or small, with 100% accuracy. Too often predictions have been labelled false alarms. The false-alarm label has made it very difficult to differentiate a particular detection system that shows real-time and accurate predictions rather than those relying on chance or estimates.   Ã‚  Ã‚  The elements leading up to an earthquake are multidimensional. Therefore, it is important to factor in space, magnitude and time-related aspects of the earthquake. It is important to come up with forecasts that are based on a probabilistic analysis because of the uncertainty in prediction parameters. It is not feasible that the predictions are deterministic; the forecast of seismicity should be based on statistical analysis. Even if the forecast is deterministic, it is important that its evaluation should be statistical to remove any possibilities of coincidence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  One very important parameter that needs to be considered during an earthquake forecast is the focal mechanism. According to a US Geological survey by Dziewonski, Ekstrom Salganik done in 1996, the Forecasts of modern day earthquake cataloguing should include information collected from seismic moment tensor inversions. Focal mechanisms along with time-space-size are all very important parameters of an earthquake. Through them, we can calculate low-frequency seismograms or static deformation of an event.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Among all the proposed methods for the prediction of earthquakes, there is a lack of quantitative theory, therefore, they should all be considered as empirical methods. Some of these methods are earthquake clustering, seismicity variations, changes in seismic velocities, anomalous animal behavior, precursory strain, hydrological signals, and variations in geochemical and electromagnetic signals. One of these methods can be considered a quantitative forecasting method, and that’s earthquake clustering.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Quantitative methods can predict earthquakes far more efficiently because it’s an intricate process. Global tectonic gives us information about the strain accumulation on plate boundaries, and through various geological and geodetic methods, tectonic deformation can be measured. Another quantitative method is studying the low and state frequency deformation which occurs in faraway fields due to earthquakes through the linear elasticity theory, resulting in the prediction of earthquakes, because we are able to study the accumulated strain of earthquake.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Earthquake predictions are done for a few months, a year to a decade or beyond a decade. These timescales depend on the earthquake mitigation measures or the technique used. Seismicity has an invariant scale, that’s why it’s not possible to define a real-time temporal feature scale of earthquakes. There are, however, two physical scales; the first one is connected to the propagation of earthquakes and elastic waves and the second one is about the velocity of tectonic deformation. The first scale comprises seconds or tenths of seconds due to the focal area size and the zone of extreme shaking, while the second one comprises decades or even millenniums because it’s taken from the accumulated strain mostly released by the largest earthquakes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Evaluation of earthquake predictions should also have a comparative test of null hypothesis in it so that coincidences and chance based results can be disregarded. Temporal clustering of seismicity and spatial variations should be included in the null hypothesis. It is much easier to devise null hypothesis for extreme earthquakes because their clustering is weak for at least a couple of years. Therefore, the Poisson process can at times work on behalf of null hypothesis. Though the spatial inhomogeneity of the epicenter of earthquake does create problems in the process of evaluation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Computer simulations of earthquakes haven’t proven to be of much help either. The calculations of fluid dynamics can be cross-referenced with the actual velocity field. While simulated synthetic earthquakes may catalogue, it needs to be matched with the real one. The problem is the spontaneous nature of seismicity; the mathematical calculations of earthquake occurrence can only be done in statistical terms. If the computer is to model seismicity, it needs to have synthetic sequence which has the same statistical characteristics of a real earthquake with respect to time and space. This is where the real problem develops.   Ã‚  Ã‚  We now have the computing power and the capability to calculate mass calculations of seismic moment tensor. We can also monitor the connection of stress tensors with earthquake. Recent studies have shown that there is a relationship between stress and earthquakes. Difficulties have occurred due to the translation into the designs of stress accumulation, earthquakes and stress tensors.   People assume that if the weather can be predicted so can the earthquakes, but there are a lot of differences. Earthquakes are asymmetric in terms of time and amount of foreshocks are very negligible. Since seismicity is asymmetric in nature, it is different from the flow of fluids which are turbulent; this is why prediction of earthquakes is more difficult than the prediction of weather. These facts will significantly help you in starting your research. There is just so much that you can write about on the subject of earthquake prediction. We can also understand if selecting a topic is giving you a tough time. Not to worry, the next part will surely give you more information to go on. References: Earthquake Storms: The Fascinating History and Volatile Future of the San Andreas Fault. (2014). S.l.: Pegasus Books. Advances in Earthquake Prediction. (2008). Berlin: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH KG. Earthquake Prediction with Radio Techniques. (2015). S.l.: John Wiley Sons (Asia) Pte. Earthquake Time Bombs (2015) Hough, S. E. (2010). Predicting the unpredictable: The tumultuous science of earthquake prediction. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Kagan, Y. (2015). Earthquakes: Models, Statistics, Testable Forecasts. Chichester: Wiley Sons. Lomnitz, C. (1994). Fundamentals of earthquake prediction. New York: John Wiley Sons.

Introduction to Geography Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Introduction to Geography - Assignment Example Its objective is to provide updates about hazards, drought, monitoring and data products, monitoring and data index, and many other topics related to climate and weather. This website provides information about the weather conditions around the globe through weather observations, weather forecasts, and climatological information. Hence, the objective is to create a good world weather information service for the users. Title: Feeling the effects of climate change - Live Earth Video. This video talks about climate changes and its impacts upon Kenya communities. Kenyan people lost animals due to bad climate. There is no fertility and cultivation. The area is dry and barren. Climate change is the change in weather and climate conditions brought about by factors like global warming. Earth, today, is much warmer than it was 100 years ago. In warmer conditions, trees get thicker. Global warming increases the sea level. High sea level is dangerous for communities living at coastal line, because of fear of flooding. Rise in temperature results in melting of ice on the ice pole. These climate changes are expected to dry out the agricultural lands, which reduce the agricultural productivity. More storms and hurricanes are expected along with harsh weather changes with heat and cold waves. Southern Indian livelihoods get greatly affected by monsoon climate. The annual cycle of Indian monsoon starts from northern hemisphere, and moves toward southern hemisphere and back again. Although people in southern Indian livelihoods wait for monsoon to get enough waters for their crops, yet the scene has changed because of drastic effects of this monsoon brought about by severe climate changes. There have been weak monsoons bringing on diseases like dengue fever, and farmers pray for rain to collect water for their crops and yields. This also results in droughts, which eventually has bad effects on the overall Indian

Exploratory Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Exploratory Research - Essay Example Case study is a method employed in qualitative exploratory research. Qualitative research involves assessing the human or social issue, and then reporting the result in comprehensive words instead of producing quantified data. According to a definition, "Qualitative case study can be defined as an intensive, holistic description and analysis of a single entity, phenomenon or social unit. Case studies are particularistic, descriptive and heuristic, and rely heavily on inductive reasoning in handling multiple data sources" (Merriam, 1988). This above definition explains that the case study method analyses rigorously, information of one few single group, organization or event. In this method, a detailed study of a situation is carried out which is somewhat similar to the main topic of the study assignment. The reader’s perceptive of the event under research is enlightened and provides the researcher with intensive data. Case studies are helpful in explaining the holistic description of a sample’s view. It is also useful when the researchers want to attain qualitative in-depth analysis of a particular event. The use of the case study varies according to the demand of the researcher. Psychobiography is the detailed investigation into the lives of important historical personalities with psychosomatic hypothesis and investigations. Its motive is to attain a clear understanding of the person and to discover the personal intention behind the open actions. In Psychobiography, the writers spend hours penning down the complex, confusing, secretive and creative lives. Psychobiography involves immense research and intelligence. A good psychobiography is one that covers each fact with several supporting data any sources. â€Å"Best psycho biographies leaves the reader feeling ineffably won over† (Schultz, 2005). Some of the eminent personalities penned in many psycho biographical books include Hitler, Freud, Gandhi,